The hardness of Flint is 7 and that of Chert is 6.5-7. The types of Flint are Not Available whereas types of Chert are Flint, Jasper, Radiolarite, Common Chert, Chalcedony, Agate, Onyx, Opal, Magadi-type Chert, Porcelanite, Siliceous Sinter. Streak of rock is the color of powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface. The ... Flint is a durable, tough, and hard sedimentary rock. It is a microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. The rock is often called chert by many geologists due to its striking similarities with it. The rock occurs as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks. The rock breaks with a conchoidal fracture.FLINT AND CHERT. 81 If thin slices of flint from the Chalk are examined it will be found that they sometimes contain much fibrous chalcedony, which often takes the form of an indefinite pattern, and which may be referred to as sponge-structure ; sometimes it takes a form suggesting branching passages, or there may be no form at all. Chert, like flint, is a silicate, the essential components of which are silicon and oxygen. Flint and chert are aggregates of microscopic crystals of quartz found in calcareous sedimentary rocks. The British usage of the word 'chert' is different from the American. In British terminology, flint occurs in chalk, and chert occurs in Carboniferous ...The single most important and widely used stone in nearly every part of the world was chert, also known as flint. It was widely available, easily worked, and capable of being broken in a controlled manner to create sharp and durable edges. Artifacts of chert excavated in an archaeological context are invaluable to archaeologists; they are often ...978-0-521-16916-5 - The Human Uses of Flint and Chert: Proceedings of the Fourth International Flint Symposium Held at Brighton Polytechnic 10 15 April 1983 Edited By G. De G. Sieveking and M. H. Newcomer Excerpt More informatio n Chert and flint occur as individual nodules or layers of nodules in limestone or dolomite; they are common in rocks of all ages (notably in the Cretaceous chalk of England). Hard and chemically resistant, the nodules become concentrated in residual soils as the surrounding carbonate rock weathers away.Flint and Chert. Opaque, dull gray or white chalcedony. They rarely make an appearance as gems, but have been used for arrowheads, driveways, and other utilitarian purposes. These materials are very compact and hard. Mozarkite is a colorful type of chert that has been fashioned into jewelry. Dinosaur BoneFlint formed in silt is notorious for having sand pockets and coarse areas referred to as "concrete". Course opaque silica with impurities is called chert. Chert, flint and jasper are opaque forms of ultrafine-grained quartz. Jasper is distinctively red or multicoloured. Flint is a hard variety of chert, often found as nodules in limestone.The single most important and widely used stone in nearly every part of the world was chert, also known as flint. It was widely available, easily worked, and ...Jasper and Chert are Extremely Similar. It is believed by most people that Jasper and Chert are in many cases synonymous with each other and people confuse the stones quite easily most of the time. Indeed, they are the same stone in many respects, although they go by different names. People’s educational background and other factors ...Chert Chert is a sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of silica (SiO 2), and can form in a variety of ways.Biochemical chert is formed when the siliceous skeletons of marine plankton are dissolved during diagenesis, with silica being precipitated from the resulting solution.Replacement chert forms when other material is replaced by silica, e.g. petrified …Delaware Chert is a Devonian age flint that occurs in the Delaware Limestone formation northward through the center of Ohio from Columbus to Lake Erie. Unlike colorful Flint Ridge Flint or the glossy blue-black Upper Mercer material, Delaware Chert has a rather drab earth tone appearance and texture with coloration ranging from …26 nov 2016 ... Quartz crystal-lined vug in chert ("flint") from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. Flint is the "official" state gemstone of Ohio.Jun 6, 2011 · Flint and chert are dense, cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz, slightly translucent to almost opaque. As a general rule, one should primarily categorize rocks according to what they are, and not to how they formed. It matters not that one was formed in Limestone and one in Chalk, it is the same. As nouns the difference between flint and chert. is that flint is a hard, fine-grained quartz that fractures conchoidally and generates sparks when struck while chert is massive, usually dull-colored and opaque, quartzite, hornstone, impure chalcedony, or other flint-like mineral. Flint blade from Giza. Many people think of stone tools as strictly Stone Age technology. The fact that people used chert and other stone for tools is what defines prehistory as the Stone Age. This has led to an under-appreciation of the role of stone tools in sophisticated, literate societies, such as that of Old Kingdom Egypt (2575-2134 BC).Flint and Chert . swankivy 06/22/18 . 61. 4. In the Steven Universe official podcast, during the series “Steven Selects” episode 8, the conversation covered the episode “Off Colors.” When guests Matt Burnett and Ben Levin (writers on the show) offered some tidbits of information from behind the scenes, they revealed that they’d ...yah the chert that comes from the glacial till can be hit or miss for sure, ive found great stuff, and bad stuff. weve got a few natural resources, chien chert, red river flint, and grand meadow flint, and then glacial till spread all over the bottom 50% of the state. sometimes i find great material, and sometimes i find this ahaha freeze cracking that no …The Ancient Flint Mines of Coxsackie. The pre-contact Mohawk village site which we recently explored was quite self-contained and focused primarily on defense. Hunting and agriculture would have supplied basic needs and since the site was hidden away from canoe routes along the major rivers, any trade would have been necessarily …Flint is a high-quality variety of chert, a biochemical sedimentary rock made of cryptocrystalline quartz. It is very hard, with characteristic conchoidal fracturing that makes it exceptionally useful for the creation of tools like arrowheads. Flint comes in many colors but is usually dark gray or black.Flint is a Gem that debuted in "Homeworld Bound". She was released from a forced fusion, with the help of Yellow Diamond. Flint is stout and relatively tall, having a pale gray-blue complexion. She has long, messy, dark-blue hair and bushy eyebrows. She wears a beige vest fastened with silver clips and grey bell-bottom pants, tucked into a pair of black boots. She also has a black sash tied ... Flint, chert, and jasper are names commonly used by geologists and by the general public for opaque specimens of microcrystalline quartz. The same hand specimen might be …Fragments of chert, carnelian and amazonite found at the two sites have been identified as raw materials associated with beadmaking. Trace elemental data obtained by LA-ICP-MS were combined with mineralogical data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy on the same samples and a group of reference samples.Other articles where bedded chert is discussed: chert and flint: Bedded chert, also referred to as ribbon chert, is made up of layers of chert interbedded with thin layers of shale. Many bedded cherts are made up of the remains of siliceous organisms such as diatoms, radiolarians, or sponge spicules.A prehistoric flint mine in Krzemionki with a neighboring area covers at least 2300‐year history of striped chert extraction and dressing, spanning the age bracket of …Nov 28, 2022 · Flint is a durable, tough, and hard sedimentary rock. It is a microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. The rock is often called chert by many geologists due to its striking similarities with it. The rock occurs as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks. The rock breaks with a conchoidal fracture. If you run a small business in Michigan, there are several grant programs that may help you reach your goals. If you run a small business in Michigan, there are several grant programs that may help you reach your goals. From Kalamazoo to De...Flint and Chert. Opaque, dull gray or white chalcedony. They rarely make an appearance as gems, but have been used for arrowheads, driveways, and other utilitarian purposes. These materials are very compact and hard. Mozarkite is a colorful type of chert that has been fashioned into jewelry.Flint Is A Variety of Chert. Although there is a lot of confusion on this, chert refers to cryptocrystalline or polycrystalline quartz that usually forms as nodules in limestone. Flint is reserved for such material that forms in chalk or marl. Flint is simply a type of chert. Siliceous rocks are sedimentary rocks that consist of SiO 2, either in the form of amorphous silica (opal) or microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline quartz or chalcedony.These rocks are generally referred to as cherts. Chert is synonym of jasper and flint, although it is mostly used by geologists: flint tends to be more popular among archaeologists, and …Chert is a hard, tough rock with little porosity. Chert and flint are colored by embedded impurities and can be of various colors, often gray, brown, red, or black. The coloration may be even, patchy or banded. Depending on the amount and type of embedded impurities chert and flint are more or less translucent.Jasper and Chert are Extremely Similar. It is believed by most people that Jasper and Chert are in many cases synonymous with each other and people confuse the stones quite easily most of the time. Indeed, they are the same stone in many respects, although they go by different names. People’s educational background and other factors ... Identifying Flint to use with a striker. Flint or Chert can be easily identified by it's color, fracture pattern, and luster. You may have to look closely at...Flint (sometimes referred to as chert) is one of the earliest type of rocks that has been in use for centuries since the evolution of man. It was often used to forge knives, arrow heads, and the tips of spears among other uses. Nowadays people mostly use flint to make fire when they are out in the wild. You may also need to find flint to add to ...Chert is a paler grey, but it’s a solid substitute for flint in sparking fires and knapping stone tools. Limestone and gravel, which frequently contain chips of flint, are also common in the commonwealth. Here are the top three counties to start your search for flint in the Keystone State. Lancaster County Flint is a durable, tough, and hard sedimentary rock. It is a microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. The rock is often called chert by many geologists due to its striking similarities with it. The rock occurs as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks. The rock breaks with a conchoidal fracture.Chert, flint, and jasper has a predominately granular texture, whereas chalcedony has chiefly a spongy-porous texture. Some samples of chert and chalcedony show both the granular and porous types transitional to one another. The granular texture agrees with petrographic observations, whereas the porous type conesponds in general to the fibrous ...A fire steel with a hardness of 5½ will generate sparks (but they don't stay hot for long) A fire steel with a hardness of 6½ (Throws long lasting, hot sparks = ideal) Flint, chert, jasper have hardness of 6½. Granites are in the 6 range. Obsidian (volcanic glass) is in the 5 to 6 range.Finding chert & identifying flint rock cobbles for flint knapping primitive stone survival tools.upstate New York, we show how I find chert and how to identi...Varieties of flint, chert, and volcanic glass for flint knapping. Spalls, flakes, and raw rock sold by the pound selected specially for lithic reduction. If you are not sure on where to begin, please visit our Flint Knapping Buyer's Guide for tips on tool selection and stone purchasing. You may also feel free to Contact Us with any questions.Flint formed in silt is notorious for having sand pockets and coarse areas referred to as "concrete". Course opaque silica with impurities is called chert. Chert, flint and jasper are opaque forms of ultrafine-grained quartz. Jasper is distinctively red or multicoloured. Flint is a hard variety of chert, often found as nodules in limestone.The thirty papers in this 1986 volume review the scientific knowledge of the nature of flint and chert at this time. These papers were presented at a 1983 interdisciplinary and international conference on flint and other cherts. Each contribution has been meticulously assessed and edited prior to publication. This collection is principally concerned with the …pounds in stock of chert and obsidian. i can satisfy most any need. i have flint ridge, carter cave, indiana hornstone, kentucky hornstone, cobden/dongola, burlington, novaculite, sonora, keokuk and much much more. call or email for pricing and questions regarding other stone varieties not mentioned.Flint Meanings, Zodiacs, Planets, Elements, Colors, Chakras, and more. Science & Origin of FlintFlint, also known as Chert, is a sedimentary mineral and cryptocrystalline form of …Flint and chert are dense, cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz, slightly translucent to almost opaque. As a general rule, one should primarily categorize rocks according to what they are, and not to how they formed. It matters not that one was formed in Limestone and one in Chalk, it is the same. I for one would lump chert, flint (and ...Color: In it's raw form Flint Ridge Chert has a basic white to bluish hues with bands of light gray, reds, and yellows. In it's heat treated form colors ...Texas Primo Raw Chert Flint Knapping Arrowhead Craft FlatRate 22lb Native Art. $39.95. Free shipping. or Best Offer. SPONSORED. Huge 7"x 2 1/2" IL. Burlington Chert Thebes Blade,Artifact,Arrowhead,Flint Art, $240.00. Free shipping. Gunflint chert. The Gunflint chert (1.88 Ga [1]) is a sequence of banded iron formation rocks that are exposed in the Gunflint Range of northern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario along the north shore of Lake Superior. The Gunflint Chert is of paleontological significance, as it contains evidence of microbial life from the Paleoproterozoic. [2]The chert rock is a typical and intrinsic by-product in the quarrying of sand in the Mishor-Rotem region (Figure 3a).This is dark, stripped, highly abrasive, and strong gravel (Figure 3b) of rock, sometimes covered with white carbonate material.The typical size of the gravel ranges from 5 cm to 20 cm (Figure 3b), but it appears in horizons to be 0.2 …As nouns the difference between chert and feldspar is that chert is (geology|uncountable) massive, usually dull-colored and opaque, quartzite, hornstone, impure chalcedony, or other flint-like mineral while feldspar is (mineral) any of a large group of rock-forming minerals that, together, make up about 60% of the earth's outer crust the feldspars are all …Description Edwards Plateau Chert comes in a few different varieties. We currently have the Premium Georgetown chert/flint variety in stock. It is known to be the best chert for Flint Knapping and is the exact same …Flint is a high-quality variety of chert, a biochemical sedimentary rock made of cryptocrystalline quartz. It is very hard, with characteristic conchoidal fracturing that makes it exceptionally useful for the creation of tools like arrowheads. Flint comes in many colors but is usually dark gray or black.Agate, chalcedony, chert, and flint are all cryptocrystalline (micrcoscopically crystalline) quartz. From my experience/training, agate and chalcedony tend to be translucent (they can pass light); agate is banded, usually in various colors but not always (you may have just whitish and grayish bands). Guess you could say agate is a banded ...more diverse, with black flint and red-brown chert, as well. as chalcedony, opaque and sometimes translucent carnelian, and chrysoprase (Fig. 11). The raw material is available.Chert and her friend, Flint, were supposed to be Off Colors, according to the writers Matt Burnett and Ben Levin. Chert is the second revived Gem shown in the series thus far. The first was Jasper. She is the fourth known character overall in the show's canon to have died and been brought back to life, the first three being Lion, Lars and Jasper.The Ancient Flint Mines of Coxsackie. The pre-contact Mohawk village site which we recently explored was quite self-contained and focused primarily on defense. Hunting and agriculture would have supplied basic needs and since the site was hidden away from canoe routes along the major rivers, any trade would have been necessarily …Nethers Chert Flint Ridge Chert variation AKA: Ribbon Chert: Banded with colors ranging from light gray to black, pink to red, or tan to brown: Northeastern Michigan: Van Port Member of the Allegheny Formation: Norwood Chert AKA: Eastport Chert: Opaque and ranges in color from a light to medium gray.. Nethers Chert Flint Ridge Chert variation AKA: Ribbon Chert: Banded with colors ranging from light gray to black, pink to red, or tan to brown: Northeastern Michigan: Van Port Member of the Allegheny Formation: Norwood Chert AKA: Eastport Chert: Opaque and ranges in color from a light to medium gray.While archaeologists and historians use the word flint, geologists favor chert. If the stone was used for tool-making, it would likely be flint since chert provides poor knapping. Knapping refers to using a rock or stone to shape another rock or stone for use as a tool, such as sharpening it to make a knife. What is Chert?Color: In it's raw form Flint Ridge Chert has a basic white to bluish hues with bands of light gray, reds, and yellows. In it's heat treated form colors ...Technical description. Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert.It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours.A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically …III.1.FLINT ARROWHEAD. Microlith. Length:25mm. Cutting traces of produ ction can be seen on surface. This arrowhead is in microlith dim ensions. But I want to collect all flint. N.Derya Varol ...Most chert and flint has. Chert (/tʃɜːrt/) is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Chert is characteristically of biological origin, but may also occur inorganically as a chemical precipitate or a diagenetic replacement, as in petrified ...Flint and Chert. So, you’re telling me you’ve got a chunk of rock in your hand, and you’re not quite sure whether to call it flint, chert, jasper, or agate, huh? Alright, let’s unpack this: To begin with, flint is a type of chert. This collection of terms often confounds even the best geologists, historians, and archeologists.Flint Meanings, Zodiacs, Planets, Elements, Colors, Chakras, and more. Science & Origin of FlintFlint, also known as Chert, is a sedimentary mineral and cryptocrystalline form of …Chert. Chert is a hard and compact sedimentary rock, consisting dominantly of very small quartz crystals. It is a common rock type which occurs mostly in carbonate rocks either in nodular form or in layers (bedded chert). Flint on the coast at Stevns Klint in Denmark. Gray rocks in the background are also flint boulders, but they lack fresh ... Common Chert – Very similar and closely related to flint, but usually off-white or light brown and generally lower... Obsidian – Might be confused for flint or chert due to smooth …Other articles where flint is discussed: chert and flint: flint, very fine-grained quartz (q.v.), a silica mineral with minor impurities. Several varieties are included under the general term chert: jasper, chalcedony, agate (qq.v.), flint, porcelanite, and novaculite. Chert is a paler grey, but it’s a solid substitute for flint in sparking fires and knapping stone tools. Limestone and gravel, which frequently contain chips of flint, are also common in the commonwealth. Here are the top three counties to start your search for flint in the Keystone State. Lancaster County Nethers Chert Flint Ridge Chert variation AKA: Ribbon Chert: Banded with colors ranging from light gray to black, pink to red, or tan to brown: Northeastern Michigan: Van Port Member of the Allegheny Formation: Norwood Chert AKA: Eastport Chert: Opaque and ranges in color from a light to medium gray. Chert, also known as flint, is an all-purpose rock found in many different forms. It can be found polished and tumbled for decorative purposes and jewelry. It is also incredibly useful when it comes to construction, being a very common material in road surfacing and driveway construction thanks to its strength and resilience in all weather ... Jasper and Chert are Extremely Similar. It is believed by most people that Jasper and Chert are in many cases synonymous with each other and people confuse the stones quite easily most of the time. Indeed, they are the same stone in many respects, although they go by different names. People’s educational background and other factors ...As nouns the difference between flint and chert is that flint is a hard, fine-grained quartz that fractures conchoidally and generates sparks when struck while chert is massive, …燧石 俗称 火石 ，是一种比较常见的 硅 质 岩石 [1] ，主要由 隐晶质 石英 （SiO 2 ）组成 [2] ，致密、坚硬，多为灰、 黑色 ，敲碎后具有 贝壳 状 断口 ，根据其存在状态，分为两种类型：. 层状燧石：多与含 磷 和含 锰 的黏土层共生，分层存在，单层厚度不大 ...Chert consists predominantly of silica, with occasional impurities such as calcite, iron oxides, clay minerals, and the organic remains of marine organisms made ...Flint Ridge Chert variation AKA: Ribbon Chert: Banded with colors ranging from light gray to black, pink to red, or tan to brown: Western Pennsylvania: Van Port Member of the Allegheny Formation: Newark Jasper AKA: Iron Hill Japer : P rimarily a mottled mustard yellow with white quartz inclusions and streaks. Mottled grays may be present.Jasper can be viewed as ideal image of microcrystalline quartz, but chert and flint would not be considered variants of jasper, so there is a first inconsistency in this scheme. This scheme suggests that there are gradual transitions from one group to the other, and this is, for example, reflected in the fact that aventurine and tiger's eye ...In both wood samples, roughness average (Ra) values measured outside of the polished areas range from 0.4 to 0.7 µm. Ra measured on polished zones in both wood samples range between 0.1 and 0.2 ...Flint, chert, and jasper are names commonly used by geologists and by the general public for opaque specimens of microcrystalline quartz. The same hand specimen might be …Other articles where bedded chert is discussed: chert and flint: Bedded chert, also referred to as ribbon chert, is made up of layers of chert interbedded with thin layers of shale. Many bedded cherts are made up of the remains of siliceous organisms such as diatoms, radiolarians, or sponge spicules.1" (2.5cm) to 1.5" 93.8 cm) in size. Some pieces may be darker in color.Infused in Reiki the moment I prepare your order. Description card also included.Texas Primo Raw Chert Flint Knapping Arrowhead Craft FlatRate 22lb Native Art. $39.95. Free shipping. or Best Offer. SPONSORED. Huge 7"x 2 1/2" IL. Burlington Chert Thebes Blade,Artifact,Arrowhead,Flint Art, $240.00. Free shipping. Nov 11, 2022 · Flint is a cryptocrystalline sedimentary form of the mineral quartz. It is a type of chert that often forms in chalk or marly limestone and is used by the natives to create tools or start fires. If you want to find flint in the U.S., one of the best states to find it is Ohio, as there are many locations publicly available there. Flint and chert artifacts have been found on prehistoric sites throughout Merseyside. As this raw material does not outcrop naturally in Merseyside it must have ...A prehistoric flint mine in Krzemionki with a neighboring area covers at least 2300‐year history of striped chert extraction and dressing, spanning the age bracket of 3900 through 1600 B.C.1.1 Definition Flint is a hard type of sedimentary rock that produces a small piece of burning material when hit by steel Chert is a hard, dark, opaque sedimentary rock which is …Aug 29, 2022 · The terms “flint” and “chert” overlap and are sometimes used interchangeably. Both occur as nodules or layers within formations of limestone, dolomite or chalk. Flint is generally considered a finer-grained, more homogenous, and somewhat harder type of chert. It also exhibits a better-defined conchoidal fracture that lends itself to ... Chert and her friend, Flint, were supposed to be Off Colors, according to the writers Matt Burnett and Ben Levin. Chert is the second revived Gem shown in the series thus far. The first was Jasper. She is the fourth known character overall in the show's canon to have died and been brought back to life, the first three being Lion, Lars and Jasper. A prehistoric flint mine in Krzemionki with a neighboring area covers at least 2300‐year history of striped chert extraction and dressing, spanning the age bracket of 3900 through 1600 B.C.The single most important and widely used stone in nearly every part of the world was chert, also known as flint. It was widely available, easily worked, and capable of being broken in a controlled manner to create sharp and …Delaware Chert is a Devonian age flint that occurs in the Delaware Limestone formation northward through the center of Ohio from Columbus to Lake Erie. Unlike colorful Flint Ridge Flint or the glossy blue-black Upper Mercer material, Delaware Chert has a rather drab earth tone appearance and texture with coloration ranging from light tan ...New radiocarbon (14C) dates suggest a simultaneous appearance of two technologically and geographically distinct axe production practices in Neolithic Britain; igneous open-air quarries in Great Langdale, Cumbria, and from flint mines in southern England at ~4000–3700 cal BC.Technical description. Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert.It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours.A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically …However, there can be no doubt that flint and chert require relatively slow heating rates: A range of ramp rates between 0.1 and 1 °C/min appears a realistic approximation for most flint and chert with volumes smaller than 100 cm 3 (based on the experimental data in Schmidt and the crystallographic data of several flint and chert samples in ...INDIANA: Perhaps the best chert to be found anywhere in the eastern U.S.--and the closest thing I believe to a true nodular flint of the European variant, is the famous INDIANA HORNSTONE OR HARRISON COUNTY FLINT. This material is found in large, round nodules in several locations within that county.Explore quarries – Flint/chert is a sedimentary rock that can be found in areas where sand, limestone, gem, chalk, and other minerals have been mined. See if there is an area near you with historic mines and defunct quarries. There’s a good chance you …978-0-521-16916-5 - The Human Uses of Flint and Chert: Proceedings of the Fourth International Flint Symposium Held at Brighton Polytechnic 10 15 April 1983 Edited By G. De G. Sieveking and M. H. NewcomerAlong lakeshores and river beds. Where oceans existed before. Therefore, search for them along beaches. At construction sites. Construction rocks and stones are got from river beds so you might find flint where construction is taking place. Where there are gravel roads. Cherts are very hard and resistant to erosion. Jan 8, 2020 · Chert is widespread, but not widely known by the public as a distinct rock type. Chert has four diagnostic features: the waxy luster, a conchoidal (shell-shaped) fracture of the silica mineral chalcedony that composes it, a hardness of seven on the Mohs scale, and a smooth (non-clastic) sedimentary texture. May 26, 2023 · Flint and Chert. So, you’re telling me you’ve got a chunk of rock in your hand, and you’re not quite sure whether to call it flint, chert, jasper, or agate, huh? Alright, let’s unpack this: To begin with, flint is a type of chert. This collection of terms often confounds even the best geologists, historians, and archeologists.